Sunday, June 23, 2013

Anti-Transcendentalist Literature Nathaniel Hawthorne


Anti-Transcendentalist Literature

Nathaniel Hawthorne had a gloomy view of the world. He viewed his Puritan ancestors as evil and expressed this world view of anti-transcendentalism through his writings. Hawthorne used the voice of a storyteller and wrote folktales. One piece of literature he wrote is called, “The Birthmark”. In this short story, the narrator tells the story of a scientist who stopped his experiments to marry his wife. He views her birthmark on her cheek as a flaw. This short story shows that you need to realize the good in life and not focus on the flaws. The scientist, named Aylmer, had a desire for perfection that not only killed his wife, but blinds him from ever seeing the good in his wife. Aylmer didn’t realize the good he had in his life until she was gone. 

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804, and died on May 19, 1864. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, into a prominent Puritan family.  He grew to feel inherently guilty of it because he was related to judge John Hathorne in the Salem Witch Trials. Nathaniel’s father, a sea captain, died in 1808 leaving his wife and three very young children. Nathaniel was the only son and he had two sisters. Nathaniel realized his love for reading and writing when he had a leg injury and couldn’t move around for a long period of time. He attended Bowdoin College from 1821 to 1825. He had very good grades and took many classes in English Composition of the Classics, mainly in Latin. Hawthorne moved back to Salem with his mother and spent his years in solitary and started writing his tales plus making sketches. He married his wife Sophia in 1842 and moved to Concord, Massachusetts. His first short stories were published anonymously in magazines and gift books. He published “Twice-Told Tales” in 1837, “Mosses from an Old Manse” in 1846 and “The Snow-Image”  in 1851. In 1852, Nathaniel wrote the campaign biography for the President of the United States, Franklin Pierce. He later died on May 19, 1864, at the young age of 59 (Notable Biographies).

In his short story “The Birthmark”, Hawthorne has a character named Aylmer. Aylmer was a very smart scientist who did many experiments. He stops experimenting to marry his wife, Georgiana. One day he said, "Georgiana, has it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?" (Hawthorne) The scientist views the birthmark to be an imperfection on her face and his wife becomes angry and cries. He later has a dream that he is cutting out the birthmark on her face, and then Georgiana said she wants her husband to get rid of this “deformity”. Aylmer becomes very obsessive over the birthmark and they go to his lab where he has done many experiments and made discoveries. He does experiments on her and finally makes the birthmark go away. Then Georgiana ends up dying. This short story shows how men do not always realize the good they have in their life until they don't have it anymore. Aylmer put all his time and effort just focusing on a little birthmark on her face when he considers her as perfect. Aylmer says, "My peerless bride, it is successful! You are perfect!" Hawthorne shows in this story that being human means you will have flaws but he couldn’t see past the small imperfection in his wife’s beauty and it ended in her demise.

This short story truly is a piece of anti-transcendentalism literature because it focuses on the faults in humanity. This story shows the destructiveness of mankind because the scientist ends up killing his wife due to one flaw she has. This story symbolizes mortality and how every living thing is imperfect in some way or another; showing the idea of how everything living will die. He views his wife as perfect, but even perfect living things have a flaw. He ends up killing his wife and is even more unhappy.  “The Birthmark” truly shows the meaning of anti-transcendentalism. 

        Hawthorne focused his writings on the limitations and the potential destructiveness of the human spirit. His method was writing his short stories using allegories, in which the characters and details in each story had symbolic meanings. He had a very dark romanticism in his literature. He often used symbols of guilt, sin, or evil, in his literature which were the qualities he saw in humanity. Nathaniel’s motive for writing “The Minister’s Black Veil” and “The Birthmark” was to express his view of anti-transcendentalism and his gloomy vision of humanity. He wrote his stories as folktales and the stories were not true. “The Minister’s Black Veil” was published in 1836, in the The Token and Atlantic Souvenir. “The Birthmark” was published in the 1843 edition of “The Pioneer” and appeared later in “Mosses from an Old Manse” which was a collection of short stories by Hawthorne published in 1846. These short stories were most likely intended for an audience of teenagers to adults. Since there were not many forms of entertainment in those days, they most likely used these short stories for entertainment. Both stories show a display of anti-transcendentalism because both stories are about love. The characters are in love but both want something different. In “The Birthmark”, Aylmer wants to remove the birthmark from his wife's cheek. In “The Minister’s Black Veil”, Mr. Hooper’s wife wants him to remove his veil, but he won’t.


At, Farheen. "Nathaniel Hawthorne - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss." The Literature Network: Online Classic Literature, Poems, and Quotes. Essays & Summaries. Web. Mar.  <http://www.online-literature.com/hawthorne/>.
"Biography, Life and Literature of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Author of Young Goodman Brown." 2020 Site - Wedding Invitation Wording, Family Crests, Trees and Other Eclectic Information at 2020. <http://www.2020site.org/literature/nathaniel_hawthorne.html>.
"Nathaniel Hawthorne Biography - Life, Family, Childhood, Children, Name, History, Wife, Mother, Son." Encyclopedia of World Biography. <http://www.notablebiographies.com/Gi-He/Hawthorne-Nathaniel.html>.
"The Birth-Mark." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth-Mark>.
"The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne @ Classic Reader." Free Classic Books Online at Classic Reader. <http://www.classicreader.com/book/262/1/>.





Alex Rider Series Eagle Strike Book Analysis


The Adventures of Alex Rider

Plot
Eagle Strike, by Anthony Horowitz, is a novel about a fourteen year old boy who is caught up in the repercussions of being a teenage spy. The novel begins with the character named Alex Rider, who is on a vacation in France with his friend Sabina but then finds out Yassen Gregorovich is there. Yassen, a assassin who killed Alex’s uncle in previous books in the series. Through the eye’s of Alex we as readers are taken into the life of a secret agent. A home in France is blown up by a terrorist attack on Sabina’s father, who is a journalist. Alex reacts to the attack and investigates Yassen while he is there and finds Damian Cray’s number in his phone. Alex assumes Cray is behind the attack and is up to something much larger. He tells MI6 about Cray but they do not believe him so Alex decides to take matters into his own hands and hunt him down on his own. The mystery behind what Cray is up too begins to unravel, when he finds out that Cray is making a video game console he follows him back to his house. There Cray and Yassen are talking about their plan. Alex finds out that Cray is planning to start a nuclear war by launching nuclear strikes on drug trafficking areas from the presidents Air Force One. Alex is captured by Cray and put into a real life video game simulation with real danger but manages to escape, keeping us as readers on the edge of our seat wanting to find out what will happen next. While escaping Alex managed to steal a flash drive that in a crucial piece to set off the missiles. Cray kidnaps Sabina in order to have Alex give back the flash drive. Finally Cray kills Yassen in attempt to kill alex and Alex kills Cray and stops the nuclear missiles from launching. Horowitz did a marvelous job making the reader feel like their in the book battling assassins with Alex Rider. 

Characterization and Diction
Through the entire novel, Horowitz uses characters that are both good and evil. Alex Rider is a typical teenager, feeling like the world doesn’t listen to him because of his age. He has a far from normal life, secret missions and other spy work. Horowitz uses the word choice differently depending if the character is good or evil. “You’re right, Cray said. I don’t have to kill him. But I want to. It’s something I want to do very much.” The phrases said by the villains are typical things a villain would say. Alex talks to his caretaker Jack, mostly about his feelings and his opinion on the situation taking place. Jack is portrayed as the one person in Alex’s life that truly knows him and understands him. Horowitz goes in great detail to describe the many action scenes in this novel with effective details. “Sabina cried out in horror. Cray had aimed at Alex’s heart, and in the confined space of the cabin there was little chance he would miss. The force blew Alex off his feet and back in the cabin. He crashed on the ground and lay still.”  Through the car chases and nuclear missiles being launched, Horowitz makes you feel like you are there. Through the novel you see Alex develop more as a person with making his own decisions and doing what he thinks is best and on his own. When MI6 doesn’t believe him he takes matters into his own hands to go out and stop Cray. 


Point of View and Voice
Eagle Strike is told from a third person perspective, detail is told through the character Alex’s actions, feelings and dialogue. The story is told through what happens to Alex on his missions. The feeling Alex has, which the message of the story comes out, pursuing what he thinks the right thing to do. The way that Horowitz tells the story keeps a clear picture in the readers mind with what is happening through out all the action. 

Setting
Alex Rider’s adventure takes him to numerous countries in Europe. Such as South France, Paris, and Amsterdam. Between the countries Alex goes back and fourth going France where he starts his journey, to MI6 in Paris and Amsterdam where Cray is located. Alex takes part in his mission in a modern era in the beginnings of the 2000’s. This setting is perfect for the action scenes with the gadgets alex uses, and the porches driven by the people that chase him. 

Character Review
Horowitz creates the thill seeking character Alex Rider. This is mainly the only dynamic character in the novel. As the reader goes through the novel we start the learn the way Alex is feeling through seeing Yassen Gregorovich when he is on vacation in France to stopping Sir Damian Cray. The novels protagonist is Alex Rider, who is as many would call the hero in the story. The antagonist is Damian Cray, who throughout the story acts out the role of a villain trying to send the world into chaos with nuclear missiles. Alex’s caretaker, Jack, is the only real family Alex has in his life. Her part in the story is to simply be the person is Alex’s life who really cares about him. Gregorovich is the assassin in the story, who has been in the other Alex Rider series but has come back to play a part in Cray’s operation in the novel. Gregorovich is a assassin which we find out does have feelings, some would say he could be a round character, when he has multiple chances to kill Alex in the story but cannot and in the end of the novel we find out Gregorovich worked with Alex’s father. 

Time and Sequence
Horowitz uses time basically going by normally in this novel, but seems to go by faster with the all the high-speed action scenes taking place. There is a few references to flashbacks from other novels in the series, with characters coming back into this story such as Yassen Gregorovich.  When the novel ends it foreshadows what the next novel in the series will be about when Gregorovich is dying he tells Alex that he worked with his father which changes everything Alex knew about him being a spy and a “good guy”. The time shifts that happen in the story are mainly Alex going from country to country, in which he has to go from France to Paris and Amsterdam. 

Theme
The main theme that arrises in the story is that you need to follow what you think is the right thing to do even though everyone else is telling you otherwise. Alex needs to convince everyone that the worlds most popular man is actually the villain in the story. Throughout the novel Alex is told that he isn’t right, he doesn’t know what he’s getting himself into, and he cannot get involved with Cray. 
The phrase “you can do anything if you set your mind to it” is another major theme in this story. Alex is up against the worlds most successful and powerful man. He has to keep pursuing between all the obstacles that come his way. For example, the car chases, and disarming  nuclear warheads on the presidents plane, Air Force One. Alex is only a 14 year boy, and he has to deal with many big problems. 

Authors Purpose
Horowitz wrote this book to give the reader a vision of a different reality that most of us will never experience. The action packed,  thrill seeking lifestyle that Alex has in his everyday life. Horowitz was born and raised in the United Kingdom and Great Britain, that is a main reason why the main character works for British Intelligence and the setting takes place mainly in european countries. His goal is to give us a look into a world that we normally would not experience and although the plot may seem a little far fetched, it only adds to the excitement. Horowitz is trying to entertain the reader and keep them on the edge of their seat. 

Symbolism
Alex Rider and Damian Cray play as the main symbols in the story, they each represent good vs. evil. Alex is “The good guy” and Cray is the “Villain” that is trying to send the world into chaos. Horowitz uses these two symbols to advance the story by showing a ongoing struggle between the two. As the reader we know the story will not end till good defeats evil or evil succeeds. The flash drive in the story that has the nuclear missile launch codes on it is looked upon by the characters as a prize. This is the one thing that each character needs to succeed with what they are trying to accomplish. If Cray has this item then he can set off the nuclear missiles just like he planned. Alex is also trying to get ahold of this because he needs it to stop Cray, and save the world.  Horowitz uses these types of symbols to keep the reader stuck in the suspense and thrill of the life of a teenage spy. 

Conflict
There are three main conflicts in this novel. The first main man vs man conflict is Alex trying to stop Cray. Alex has one main goal that drives the story, and that is to stop Damian Cray’s operation to set off the nuclear missiles. The second not so easily recognized conflict is the conflict that Alex is having with himself. This is a internal conflict that the reader see’s in through Alex’s feeling throughout the novel. Alex isn’t sure if he’ll be able to stop Cray on his own and if he is even capable of such a large task. The third conflict, a man vs man conflict in this story is between Alex and Yassen Gregorovich, Alex has dealt with him before but now he is working for one of the most powerful men on the earth. Yassen was the person who had killed Alex’s uncle and forever changed him life, but at the end of the novel we find out that Yassen worked with Alex’s father. This is a ongoing struggle with Alex throughout the series, Yassen is one of the only links to Alex’s family history that he has. The conflicts that are shown in this novel are mostly man vs man external conflicts shown with action scenes. 

Tone and Irony
Throughout the authors work, he seems to be setting up the the main character into scenes where problems will arise. This type of writing gives the novel a suspenseful tone, through the car chases, international drug trade, and nuclear missiles, the story is filled with action and thrill. A main ironic event in this story is that Yassen has been the person that Alex has always hated because he knows that Yassen was the assassin who killed his uncle. Alex uncle was the one person that was taking care of him but also training him secretly to be a spy. But when Yassen dies in the end of the story he tells Alex that he worked with him father, which now changes everything that Alex knew about his own father. Leading to more questions that Alex now has about his parents. Another ironic moment in this novel is that the worlds most well liked, successful and popular man is actually the one who is trying to set off nuclear missiles to destroy any countries that are involved in the international drug trade. This being the main problem in the story could a person so well liked also be the bad guy. 

Relevance and Significant Quote
Alex is living the life of a teenage spy, he lives in a action packed and a life that is filled with suspense and thrill. As a individual that is well involved with extreme sports, I found myself connecting to the lifestyle Alex gets to live well. Even though I am not out on Air Force One disarming nuclear warheads, I live a faced paced thrill seeking lifestyle, with the snowboarding, skateboarding and pole vaulting. All individual adventure seeking sports. 
One of my favorite quotes from this story is in the beginning when Alex is in France and he is first trying to figure out why Yassen Gregorovich is doing in the place where he is supposed to be on vacation and why his vacation home was just blown to pieces. This shows the life Alex lives in, filled with people who have no morals for human life and its just part of their job. 
“Why did you do it?” Alex demaned. “You blew up the house. Why?”
The eyes flickered briefly. “Because I was paid.”
“Paid to kill me?”
“No, Alex.” For a moment Yassen sounded almost amused. “It had nothing to do with you.”
“Then who-”
But then it was too late (Horowitz 44).
This shows just another scene where Alex is almost killed, but its not much of a big deal to him because this is how he lives. Yassen seems to be totally unaffected by what he was trying to accomplish by killing other people, but it is not a big deal because it is just apart of his job. Alex is just living the life of a teenage spy, where the action never seems to have an end. 


Works Cited
Horowitz, Anthony. Eagle Strike. New York: Penguin Group, 2003

Why Fast Food is Our Largest Problem.


Fast Food is Our Largest Problem

Driving through any town, all drivers see on every corner is a fast food restaurant. Corner after corner is a McDonalds, Wendy’s, Arby's, Burger King and so on. It is impossible to hide from all the temptations of fast food. With the numbers of obese Americans, one can tell that we love our fast food.  Some believe that it is one’s personal responsibly to keep themselves healthy, while others believe that fast food chains and the way Americans eat needs to be regulated by the government. Many people believe that society has made them obese and how much more expensive eating organic and healthy is especially with all of the temptations of fast food. Although many people feel that fast food is ingrained into our culture and lifestyles; Americans obesity, trying to eat healthy, government involvement, personal responsibility, and the reasons people eat fast food are the points being discussed with this growing problem. 

America’s problem with obesity is growing rapidly; more and more children and adults are having issues with obesity. Some cities are having more of a problem than others depending on the amount of fast food in the community. Wil Haygood wrote “Kentucky Town of Manchester Illustrates National Obesity Crisis” depicting the obesity crisis going on. In fact, he points out that an estimated 52% of the 2,100 residents are considered obese, and that a majority of those are young children (407).  Haygood is showing our nation has a serious health problem going on, with 52% of the residents in this small community obese. It is not just small towns Michelle Obama touched on in her article, “Remarks to the NAACP.” She stated that, “Now, right now in America, one in three children is overweight, putting them at greater risk of obesity related conditions” (Obama 420). With one in three children being obese, they most likely will not change their lifestyle being obese. This is a problem that is just growing larger, and is putting more Americans at risk for dangerous health conditions. Judith Warner also showed that America indeed does have a problem in “Junking Junk Food.” Warner said, “At a time when more than two-thirds of American Adults are indeed fat (overweight or obese) and 17 percent of children [...] are obese” (Warner 401). Over half of our country is considered overweight, what Warner is showing is that America does have a problem and something needs to be done about it. What these sources are saying is that a large portion of America is obese. America, as a whole, has a problem with obesity, adults and kids together. 

On every intersection driving through town, one sees fast food chains on almost every corner. The reasons people eat fast food is because it’s easy, cheap and quick to get and we see fast food everywhere. Trying to refuse the temptations and disregard the advertisements is not easy to do. Haygood explains in his article, “The intersection leading into town features McDonald’s, a Wendy’s, an Arby’s and a Subway. And just beyond that, there’s a Burger King, a Long John Silver’s, a Lee’s Famous Recipe Chicken and a Pizza Hut” (409). Haygood is showing that there are temptations on every corner to eat fast food because it is so quick and easy. Americans choose to quickly grab an unhealthy meal, leading down a path to an obesity problem. Then, when not out on the town, Americans are bombarded with advertisements to eat fast food. Freeman explains, “Burger King’s mandate to “Have It Your Way,” fast-food ads promote [...] fulfilling individuals short-term desires free from concerns over the consequences to oneself or society” (Freeman 467). Americans see these advertisements all the time and usually eat the fast food, not worrying about the health risks or obesity. In his article, “Escape from the western Diet,” Michael Pollan says “A hallmark of the Western diet is food that is fast, cheap, and easy” (440). Pollan explains what the rationale behind the Western diet is and that we choose fast foods because they are convenient for us. However, he thinks that we need to return to “a time and place where the gathering and preparing and enjoying of food were closer to the center of a well-lived life” (440). Pollan explains, what the theory of the Western diet is and that we choose fast foods because they are convenient for us and we need to go back to when people gathered and prepared their food and preparing it themselves. With fast food restaurants on every corner and advertisements everywhere people look, people have a hard time resisting the temptations of fast food and this is why people eat fast food. 

Being healthy and fit is a choice that everyone has to make. Many people believe that choosing to eat and live a healthy lifestyle is one’s personal responsibility. Learning how to diet, eat smaller portions, eat healthy foods, and exercise is for each person to learn how to do. Exercising daily and being physically active comes along with the responsibility to be healthy. Radley Balko believes that Americans need to take ownership for their own healthy lifestyle, in his article, “What You Eat Is Your Business”. Balko says, “Our government ought to be working to foster a sense of responsibility in and ownership for our own health and well-being” (396). What Balko is saying is that, instead of the government trying to fight obesity, they need to be teaching Americans how to take responsibility for themselves and make themselves healthy. Michelle Obama remarks on children not exercising these days, “Our parents made us get up and go play outside-just couldn’t be inside [...] Kids nowadays don’t even know how to jump double-dutch” (Obama 421). Obama is saying that kids nowadays don’t know how to keep themselves physically active, there are too many distractions and reasons to stay inside. Mary Maxfield also states that dieting, health, and how much food you consume are directly related. Maxfield said, “Overeating constitutes ‘the greatest threat’ [...] and connections between diet, health, and weight, are all directly connected” (444). Maxfield is saying that we personally need to learn how to control the main factors that make Americans obese. All three of these sources all agree that it is our personal responsibility to be healthy and fit. Choosing to live a healthy lifestyle and stay physically in shape is a personal responsibility that each American needs to do themselves. 

Many people think that men eat meat and unhealthy foods to show masculinity, and woman have to look a certain way to look be acceptable for our American society. Many people believe that the way our society views males and females is a reason for obesity. Most of America views women in our society to look a certain way, and some believe that when a woman is obese that she is rebelling against our society today and compulsively eat feeling out of step with society. Susie Orbach wrote in her article “Fat is a Feminist Issue”, being fat for woman is because of how our society is today. Orbach said, “Fat is a social disease, and fat is a feminist issue” (449). Orbach is saying that compulsive eating and being overweight, particularly for woman, can be forms of rebellion against expectations of society. Many of these thoughts are the same for men too; society sees men eating much meat, like burgers and subs. These habits are unhealthy and lead obesity, but most men don’t want to be viewed as “wimpy” or “unmanly” by not eating the food men are supposed to eat. Carrie Packwood Freeman and Debra Merskin explain in “Having it His Way: The Construction of Masculinity in Fast Food TV Advertising” that we believe that a traditional American male does not eat organic, plant based proteins-he primarily eats meat, which would also explain the prominence of masculine themes in advertisements for meat products (455). Freeman shows that men in our society are supposed to eat meat, which most of the time we find fast food advertisements showing men eating burgers and ribs and other unhealthy fast foods. Orbach and Maxfield both believe the obesity in America is based on the way society views men and woman. Thus showing that our society has a drastic impact on the obesity problem in America. 

There is much controversy on whether the government should be involved in the issue of obesity or not. As of now, the government is starting anti-obesity programs into effect and different regulations and campaigns to try to stop our nation’s problem with obesity. Many believe the government needs to do more regulating these fast food companies. David Zinczenko says, “Fast-food companies are marketing to children a product with proven health hazards and no warning labels. They would do themselves well [...] by providing nutrition information” (393). Zinczenko is saying that the government needs to step in more than it is and show people that what they are eating is hazards towards their health and is a main cause of obesity. The government has made anti-obesity programs and other campaigns to try to cut down on the obesity in America. Michelle Obama explains the “Let’s Move” campaign, “It’s a nationwide campaign to rally this country around a single goal, and that is to solve  childhood obesity in a generation so that children born today reach adulthood at a healthy weight” (425). This quote shows that the government has already has some campaigns in effect to try to stop our nationwide problem of obesity. Others believe government programs and campaigns are the wrong way to fight obesity. Radley Balko states, “President Bush earmarked 200 million in his budget for anti-obesity measures.[...] banning snacks and soda from school campuses and vending machines [...] This is the wrong way to fight obesity” (396). Balko believes that the government should not be taking away our right to choose what we eat, but spending money to inform citizens how to live and eat healthy. These authors all agree that the government should be involved with this issue. Whether the government is handling the issue the right way or not, they are trying to stop this growing problem. 
Many people feel that fast food is a part of our culture and lifestyles; American’s obesity crisis, trying to eat healthy, government involvement on the issue, personal responsibility for staying healthy, and the main reasons people eat fast food are the points are the points that were discussed. These points were main points the experts on this subject stated; these points show that there is a problem in America when it comes to obesity. How we deal with this large issue is the another problem. Whether it be having our government regulate what we eat and how we eat, regulate fast food companies and distributers, or everyone realize that this is their responsibility to be healthy and fit. America is an obese country and it needs to be fixed before it leads to greater problems with health and wellness of our citizens. 


Balko, Radley. "What You Eat Is Your Business." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Freeman, Carrie and Merskin, Debra. "Having It His Way: The Construction of Masculinity in Fast-Food TV Advertising." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Haygood, Wil. "Kentucky Town of Manchester Illustrates National Obesity Crisis." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Maxfield, Mary. "Resisting the Moralization of Eating.” They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Obama, Michelle. "Remarks to the NAACP." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Orbach, Susie. "Fat is a Feminist Issue." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Greaff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Pollan, Michael. "Escape From the Western Diet." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Greaff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Warner, Judith. "Junking Junk Food." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Greaff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Zinczenko, David. "Don’t Blame the Eater." They Say I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Second Ed. Gerald Greaff, Cathy Berkenstein, Russel Durst. New 8York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009. Print.
Written by: Cam LaCourt